Tax Tips

2025 Midyear Tax Planning Letter

The less hectic summer season is a good time to consider steps to cut your 2025 tax bill. Here are some planning strategies to consider, assuming our current federal tax regime remains in place through 2025.

For Individuals

Consider Adjusting Your Tax Withholding or Estimated Payments

No taxpayer likes to be surprised with a large tax bill (or a smaller-than-anticipated refund) come tax filing season. In many cases, this occurs because individuals didn’t adjust their tax withholding or estimated payments to account for changes in income. For those accustomed to receiving refunds every year, an unexpected tax bill can be a real hardship. Fortunately, there’s still time to make sure the right amount of federal income tax is being withheld from your paycheck for 2025.

IRS Form W-4 is used to tell your employer how much tax to withhold from each paycheck. Many taxpayers simply don’t have the correct amount of tax withheld. The IRS has a tool to assist taxpayers in completing Form W-4. If you haven’t reviewed your withholding recently, you should consider using the IRS’s “Tax Withholding Estimator,” available at www.irs.gov/individuals/tax-withholding-estimator. You will need your most recent pay stubs (for both spouses if married filing a joint return), details of other sources of income, and a copy of your most recent tax return. However, keep in mind that the calculator isn’t perfect. If you want more precise results, we would be happy to put together a 2025 tax projection for you.

If you make estimated tax payments throughout the year (if you’re self-employed, for example), we can take a closer look at your tax situation for 2025 to make sure you’re not underpaying or overpaying.

Carefully Manage Investment Gains and Losses in Taxable Accounts

If you hold investments in taxable brokerage firm accounts, consider the tax advantage of selling appreciated securities that have been held for over 12 months. The federal income tax rate on long-term capital gains recognized in 2025 is only 15% for most individuals, but it can reach the maximum 20% rate at higher income levels. The 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) also can apply at higher income levels.

To the extent you have capital losses that were recognized earlier this year or capital loss carryovers from pre-2025 years, selling winners this year will not result in any tax hit. Sheltering net short-term capital gains with capital losses is a sweet deal because net short-term gains would otherwise be taxed at higher ordinary income rates.

What if you have some loser investments that you would like to unload? Biting the bullet and taking the resulting capital losses this year would shelter capital gains, including high-taxed short-term gains, from other sales this year.

If selling a bunch of losers would cause your capital losses to exceed your capital gains, the result would be a net capital loss for the year. That net capital loss can be used to shelter up to $3,000 ($1,500 if you use married filing separate status) of 2025 ordinary income from salaries, bonuses, self-employment income, interest, royalties, etc. Any excess net capital loss from this year is carried forward to next year and beyond.

In fact, having a capital loss carry over into next year and beyond could turn out to be a pretty good deal. The carryover can be used to shelter both short-term gains and long-term gains recognized next year and beyond. This can give you extra investment flexibility in those years because you won’t have to hold appreciated securities for over a year to get a lower tax rate. The top two federal rates on net short-term capital gains recognized in 2025 are expected to remain at 35% and 37% (plus the 3.8% NIIT, if applicable). So, having a capital loss carryover into next year to shelter short-term gains recognized next year could be a very good thing.

Explore Gifting Strategies

If you want to make gifts to some favorite relatives, other loved ones, and/or charities, they can be made in conjunction with an overall revamping of your taxable account stock and equity mutual fund portfolios. Gifts should be made according to the following tax-smart principles.

Gifts to Relatives and Other Loved Ones. Don’t give away loser stocks (currently worth less than what you paid for them). Instead, you should sell the shares and take the resulting tax-saving capital loss on your personal return. Then, give the cash sales proceeds to your loved one.

When you gift appreciated stocks instead of selling them yourself, your recipient often benefits from lower tax rates. If your loved ones fall within the 0% federal income tax bracket for long-term capital gains and qualified dividends, they’ll pay no federal tax on gains from shares held for over one year before selling. Importantly, the holding period combines both your ownership time and the recipients ownership time when determining if the “more-than-one-year” requirement is met. Even with shares held for a year or less before sale, your recipient will likely pay a lower tax rate on the gains than you would have paid yourself.

Gifts to Charities. The principles for tax-smart gifts to relatives and other loved ones also apply to donations to IRS-approved charities. You should sell loser shares and collect the resulting tax-saving capital losses. Then, you can give the cash sales proceeds to favored charities and claim the resulting tax-saving charitable deduction (assuming you itemize deductions on your tax return). Following this strategy delivers a double tax benefit: tax-saving capital losses plus a deductible charitable donation.

On the other hand, you should donate winner shares instead of giving away cash. Why? Because donations of publicly traded shares that you have owned over a year result in charitable deductions equal to the full current market value of the shares at the time of the gift (again, assuming you itemize). Plus, when you donate winner shares, you escape any capital gains taxes on those shares. So, this idea is another double tax-saver: you avoid capital gains taxes while getting a tax-saving donation deduction (assuming you itemize). Meanwhile, the tax-exempt charitable organization can sell the donated shares without owing anything to the IRS.

Don’t Overlook Estate Planning

The unified federal estate and gift tax exemption for 2025 is a historically huge $13.99 million, or effectively $27.98 million for married couples. Even though these exemptions probably mean you are not currently close to being exposed to the federal estate tax, your estate plan may need updating to reflect the current tax regime. Also, you may need to make some changes for reasons that have nothing to do with taxes, such as various life changes.

Tax rules, as of the date of this letter, require that beginning in 2026 the unified federal estate and gift tax exemption falls back to what it was before 2017 tax reform with a cumulative inflation adjustment for 2018–2025. That might put it in the $7 million to $8 million range, depending on what inflation turns out to be through 2025.

Bottom Line: Estate planning can be a moving target. Personal and tax changes happen. Contact us if you would like to discuss conducting an estate planning update. The slower summer season would be a good time for that.

Convert Traditional IRAs into Roth Accounts

The best profile for the Roth conversion strategy is when you expect to be in the same or higher tax bracket during your retirement years. If that turns out to be true, the current tax hit from a conversion done this year could be a relatively small price to pay for completely avoiding potentially higher future tax rates on the account’s earnings. In effect, a Roth IRA can insure part or all of your retirement savings against future tax rate increases.

Defer Income into Next Year

Depending on your situation, you might be able to defer some taxable income from this year into next year and put off the related income tax hit. Because the thresholds for next year’s federal income tax brackets will almost certainly be significantly higher thanks to inflation adjustments, the deferred income might be taxed at a lower rate. Contact us if you want to explore this possibility.

Take Advantage of Principal Residence Gain Exclusion Break

Home prices have cooled off in many areas, but many homeowners are still sitting on substantial unrealized gains. Gains of up to $500,000 from the sale of a principal residence are completely federal-income-tax-free for qualifying married couples who file joint returns. For qualifying unmarried individuals and married individuals who file separate returns, the gain exclusion limit is $250,000. To qualify for the gain exclusion break, you must’ve owned and used the home as your principal residence for a total of at least two years during the five-year period ending on the sale date. You’ll definitely want to take these rules into consideration if you’re planning on selling your home in today’s real estate environment.

Watch Out for the AMT

2017 tax reform significantly reduced the odds that you will owe AMT by significantly increasing the AMT exemption amounts and the income levels at which those exemptions are phased out. Even if you still owe AMT, you will probably owe considerably less than before the 2017 tax reform bill. Nevertheless, it’s still critical to evaluate year-end tax planning strategies in light of the AMT rules. Because the AMT rules are complicated, you may want some assistance. We stand ready to help.

Other Tax-saving Opportunities

What we have covered here is only part of the story. There are tax breaks for Section 529 college savings accounts, Coverdell education savings accounts, and health savings accounts; tax-saving moves you can make at your job; tax credits for qualifying energy-efficient home improvements; tax credits for qualifying hybrid and electric vehicles; and more. Contact us for details and other tax saving ideas.

Game the Generous Standard Deduction Allowances

The 2025 standard deduction amounts are $15,000 for singles and those who use married filing separate status, $30,000 for married joint filing couples, and $22,500 for heads of household. If your total annual itemizable deductions for 2025 will be close to your standard deduction amount, consider making enough additional expenditures for itemized deduction items between now and year end to exceed your standard deduction. That will lower this year’s tax bill. Next year, you can always claim the standard deduction, which will be increased to account for inflation.

The easiest deductible expense to accelerate is included in the house payment due on January 1. Accelerating that payment into this year will give you 13 months’ worth of interest in 2025. Although 2017 tax reform put stricter limits on itemized deductions for home mortgage interest, you are probably unaffected. Check with us if you are uncertain.

Next up are state and local income and property taxes that are due early next year. Prepaying those bills before year end can decrease your 2025 federal income tax bill because your total itemized deductions will be that much higher. However, 2017 tax reform decreased the maximum amount you can deduct for state and local taxes to $10,000 or $5,000 if you use married filing separate status. So, beware of this limitation.

Legislative Update: Legislators are actively attempting to extend the favorable tax breaks from the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (2017) in President Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill. We’ll keep you informed if this important tax legislation passes.

Also, consider making bigger charitable donations this year and smaller ones next year to compensate. That could cause your itemized deductions to exceed your standard deduction this year. Next year, you can always claim the standard deduction.

Finally, consider accelerating elective medical procedures, dental work, and vision care. For 2025, medical expenses are deductible to the extent they exceed 7.5% of your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), assuming you itemize.

Warning: The state and local tax prepayment drill can be a bad idea if you owe Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) for this year. That’s because write-offs for state and local income and property taxes are completely disallowed under the AMT rules. Therefore, prepaying those expenses may do little or no tax-saving good if you are subject to AMT. Thankfully, changes included in the 2017 tax reform bill greatly reduced the odds of individuals owing AMT, but contact us if you are unsure about your exposure to the tax.

Take Advantage of 0% Tax Rate on Investment Income

The federal income tax rate on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends from securities held in taxable brokerage firm accounts is still 0% when the gains and dividends fall within the 0% bracket. For 2025, you may qualify for the 0% bracket if your taxable income is $48,350 or less for single filers, $96,700 or less for married couples filing jointly, or $64,750 or less for heads of household.

While your income may be too high to benefit from the 0% rate, you may have children, grandchildren, or other loved ones who will be in the 0% bracket. If so, consider giving them some appreciated stock or mutual fund shares that they can then sell and pay 0% tax on the resulting long-term gains. Gains will be long-term as long as your ownership period plus the gift recipient’s ownership period (before the recipient sells) equals at least a year and a day.

Giving away stocks that pay dividends is another tax-smart idea. As long as the dividends fall within the gift recipient’s 0% rate bracket, they will be federal-income-tax-free.

Warning: If you give securities to someone who is under age 24, the Kiddie Tax rules could potentially cause some of the resulting capital gains and dividends to be taxed at the parent’s higher marginal federal income tax rate. That would defeat the purpose. Please contact us if you have questions about exposure to Kiddie Tax.

For Small Businesses

Establish a Tax-favored Retirement Plan

If your business doesn’t already have a retirement plan, now might be the time to take the plunge. Current rules allow for significant deductible contributions. For example, if you are self-employed and set up a SEP plan for yourself, you can contribute up to 20% of your net self-employment income, with a maximum contribution of $70,000 for 2025. If you are employed by your own corporation, up to 25% of your salary can be contributed, with a maximum contribution of $70,000 for 2025.

Other small business retirement plan options include the 401(k) plan, which can be set up for just one person; the defined benefit pension plan; and the SIMPLE-IRA, which can be a good choice if your business income is modest. Depending on your circumstances, non-SEP plans may allow bigger deductible contributions.

It Might Not Be Too Late to Establish a Plan and Make a Deductible Contribution for Last Year. The general deadline for setting up a tax-favored retirement plan, such as a SEP or 401(k) plan, is the extended due date of the tax return for the year you or the plan sponsor want to make the initial deductible contribution. For instance, if your business is a sole proprietorship or a single-member LLC that is treated as a sole proprietorship for federal income tax purposes (Schedule C), you have until 10/15/25 to establish a plan and make the initial deductible contribution if you extended your 2024 Form 1040.

However, to make a SIMPLE-IRA contribution for the 2025 tax year, you must have set up the plan by October 1 of last year. So, you might have to wait until this year if the SIMPLE-IRA option is appealing. If so, establish the SIMPLE-IRA and make the initial contribution by October 1 of this year.

Evaluate Your Options. Contact us for more information on small business retirement plan alternatives, and be aware that if your business has employees, you may have to cover them too.

Time Business Income and Deductions for Tax Savings

If you conduct your business using a pass-through entity (sole proprietorship, S corporation, LLC, or partnership), your shares of the business’s income and deductions are passed through to you and taxed at your personal rates. Assuming no legislative changes, next year’s individual federal income tax rates will be the same as this year’s, with significant bumps in the rate bracket thresholds thanks to inflation adjustments.

The traditional strategy of deferring income into next year while accelerating deductible expenditures into this year makes sense if you expect to be in the same or lower tax bracket next year. Deferring income and accelerating deductions will, at a minimum, postpone part of your tax bill from 2025 until 2026. And, after the inflation adjustments to 2025 rate bracket thresholds, the deferred income might be taxed at a lower rate.

On the other hand, if you expect to be in a higher tax bracket in 2025, take the opposite approach. Accelerate income into this year (if possible) and postpone deductible expenditures until 2026. One recommendation for postponing deductible expenditures is to opt out of Section 179 and bonus depreciation. That way, more income will be taxed at this year’s lower rate instead of next year’s higher rate. Contact us for details on how to implement additional business income and deduction timing strategies.

Maximize the Qualified Business Income (QBI) Deduction

The deduction based on QBI from pass-through entities was a key element of 2017 tax reform. For tax years through 2025, the deduction can be up to 20% of a pass-through entity owner’s QBI, subject to restrictions that can apply at higher income levels and another restriction based on the owner’s taxable income.

For QBI deduction purposes, pass-through entities are defined as sole proprietorships, single-member LLCs that are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, partnerships, LLCs that are treated as partnerships for tax purposes, and S corporations.

Note: The QBI deduction is only available to individuals, trusts, and estates.

The QBI deduction also can be claimed for up to 20% of income from qualified REIT dividends and 20% of qualified income from Publicly Traded Partnerships (PTPs). So, the deduction can potentially be a big tax saver.

Because of the various limitations on the QBI deduction, tax planning moves (or non-moves) can have the side effect of increasing or decreasing your allowable QBI deduction. For example, claiming big first-year depreciation deductions can reduce QBI and lower your allowable QBI deduction. So, if you can benefit from the deduction, you must be careful in making tax planning moves. We can help you put together strategies that give you the best overall tax results.

Take Advantage of Generous Depreciation Tax Breaks

Current federal income tax rules allow generous first-year depreciation write-offs for eligible assets that are placed in service in your business’s current tax year.

Section 179 Deductions. For qualifying property placed in service in tax years beginning in 2025, the maximum allowable Section 179 deduction is a whopping $1.25 million. Most types of personal property used for business are eligible for Section 179 deductions, and off-the-shelf software costs are eligible too.

Section 179 deductions can also be claimed for certain real property expenditures called Qualified Improvement Property (QIP), up to the maximum annual Section 179 deduction allowance ($1.25 million for tax years beginning in 2025). There is no separate Section 179 deduction limit for QIP expenditures, so Section 179 deductions claimed for QIP reduce the maximum Section 179 deduction allowance dollar for dollar.

Note: QIP includes any improvement to an interior portion of a nonresidential building that is placed in service after the date the building is first placed in service, except for expenditures attributable to the enlargement of the building, any elevator or escalator, or the building’s internal structural framework.

Note that Section 179 deductions can be claimed for qualified expenditures for roofs, HVAC equipment, fire protection and alarm systems, and security systems for nonresidential real property. To qualify, these items must be placed in service after the nonresidential building has been placed in service.

In addition, Section 179 deductions can be claimed for personal property used predominately to furnish lodging or in connection with the furnishing of lodging. Examples of such property would include furniture, kitchen appliances, lawn mowers, and other equipment used in the living quarters of a lodging facility or in connection with a lodging facility such as a hotel, motel, apartment house, dormitory, or other facility where sleeping accommodations are provided and rented out.

Warning: Section 179 deductions can’t cause an overall business tax loss, and deductions are phased out if too much qualifying property is placed in service in the tax year. The Section 179 deduction limitation rules can get really tricky if you own an interest in a pass-through business entity (partnership, LLC treated as a partnership for tax purposes, or S corporation). Contact us for details on how the limitations work and whether they will affect you or your business entity.

First-year Bonus Depreciation. 40% first-year bonus depreciation is available for qualified new and used property that is acquired and placed in service in calendar year 2025. That means your business might be able to write off 40% of the cost of some or all of your 2025 asset additions on this year’s return. However, you should generally write off as much as you can via Section 179 deductions before taking advantage of 40% first-year bonus depreciation.

Depreciation Deductions for Heavy SUVs, Pickups, and Vans. The federal income tax depreciation rules favor new and used heavy vehicles used over 50% for business. That’s because such heavy SUVs, pickups, and vans are treated for tax purposes as transportation equipment. That means they qualify for Section 179 deductions and 40% first-year bonus depreciation. However, this favorable first-year depreciation treatment is only available when the SUV, pickup, or van has a manufacturer’s Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) above 6,000 pounds. The GVWR of a vehicle can be verified by looking at the manufacturer’s label, which is usually found on the inside edge of the driver’s side door where the door hinges meet the frame. If you are considering buying an eligible vehicle, doing so and placing it in service before the end of this tax year could deliver a significant write-off on this year’s return.

Depreciation Deductions for Cars, Light SUVs, Light Trucks, and Light Vans. For so-called passenger autos (meaning cars and light SUVs, trucks, and vans) that are used over 50% for business, the so-called luxury auto depreciation limitations apply. Thankfully, the limitations are not that strict. For passenger autos that are acquired and placed in service in 2025, the luxury auto depreciation limits are as follows:

$20,200 for Year 1 if first-year bonus depreciation is claimed or $12,200 if bonus depreciation is not claimed.
$19,600 for Year 2.
$11,800 for Year 3.
$7,060 for Year 4 and thereafter until the vehicle is fully depreciated.

Bottom Line: To take advantage of favorable federal income tax depreciation rules, consider making eligible asset acquisitions between now and year end. Contact us for full details on applicable depreciation rules and the planning opportunities they might open up.

Claim 100% Gain Exclusion for Qualified Small Business Stock

There is a 100% federal income tax gain exclusion privilege for eligible sales of Qualified Small Business Corporation (QSBC) stock for C corporations that was acquired after 9/27/10. QSBC shares must be held for more than five years to be eligible for the gain exclusion break. Contact us if you think you own stock that could qualify for the break.

Also, contact us if you are considering establishing a new corporate business the stock of which might be eligible for the gain exclusion. Advance planning may be required to lock in the exclusion privilege.

Employing Family Members

Employing family members can be a useful strategy to reduce overall tax liability. If the family member is a bona fide employee, the taxpayer can deduct the wages and benefits, including medical benefits, paid to the employee on Schedule C or F as a business expense, thus reducing the proprietor’s self-employment tax liability. In addition, wages paid to your child under the age of 18 are not subject to federal employment taxes, will be deductible at your marginal tax rate, are taxable at the child’s marginal tax rate, and can be offset by up to $15,000 (your child’s maximum standard deduction for 2025). However, your family member must be a bona fide employee, and basic business practices, such as keeping time reports, filing payroll returns, and basing pay on the actual work performed, should be followed.

AJPope pays close attention to the ever-changing tax environment to discover tax planning opportunities that could put more cash in your pocket.

This letter only covers a few tax planning moves that could potentially benefit your business for this year. Please contact us if you have questions, want more information, or would like us to help in evaluating your best business tax planning options for 2025.